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三寶

Pronunciations

Basic Meaning: three treasures

Senses:

  • Three precious things; three objects of veneration 三尊 (Skt. triratna; Tib. dkon mchog gsum). The various scriptures and treatises in the Buddhist canon contain an extensive array of interpretations regarding the precise connotations of these three, both in terms of the meaning of the term itself, and in terms of their relationship to each other. The basic set of three are (1) the Buddha ; (2) the Dharma (Buddhist teachings) , and (3) the Saṃgha (community of monks and nuns) .

    Eitel suggests this trinity may be adapted from the Trimūrti, i.e, Brahmā, Viṣṇu, and Śiva. The Triratna takes many forms, e.g. the Trikāya 三身. There is also the Nepalese idea of a triple existence of each Buddha as a Nirvāṇa-Buddha, Dhyāni-Buddha, and Mānuṣi-Buddha; also the Tantric trinity of Vairocana as Nirvāṇa-Buddha, Locana according to Eitel 'existing in reflex in the world of forms,' and the human Buddha, Śākyamuni. There are other elaborated details known as the four and the six kinds of triratna 四種三寳 and 六種三寳, e.g. that the Triratna exists in each member of the trinity. The term has also been applied to the 三仙. Popularly the Three Treasures are referred to the three images in the main hall of monasteries. The center one is Śākyamuni, on his left Bhaiṣajya 藥師 and on his right Amitâbha. There are other explanations, e.g. in some temples Amitâbha is in the center, Avalokitêśvara 觀音 on his left, and Mahāsthāmaprāpta 勢至 or Mañjuśrī on his right.

    Table of Triratna, Trikāya, and Trailokya:— (from Soothill)

    DHARMA SAṂGHA BUDDHA
    Essential Bodhi Reflected Bodhi Practical Bodhi
    Dhyāni Buddha Dhyāni Bodhisattva Mānuṣi Buddha
    Dharmakāya Saṃbhogakāya Nirmāṇakāya
    Purity Completeness Transformations
    4th Buddha-kṣetra 3rd Buddha-kṣetra 1st and 2nd Buddha kṣetra
    Arūpadhātu Rūpadhātu Kāmadhātu
    Also written as 佛法僧寶. Cf. 三種三寶, 別相三寶, 一體三寶, and 住持三寶 (Skt. ratna-traya, trīṇiratnāni, buddha-dharma-saṃgha, ratna, ratnāni, śaraṇa-traya, śubha-ratna-traya; Pāli ratana-ttaya, ti-ratana; Tib. dkon mchog gsum). [Charles Muller; source(s): Soothill, Yokoi, Ui, Nakamura, Hirakawa, YBh-Ind, JEBD, Iwanami]
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    [Dictionary References]

    Bukkyō jiten (Ui) 376

    Bulgyo sajeon 403a

    Zengaku daijiten (Komazawa U.) 408a

    Iwanami bukkyō jiten 329

    Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary (Daitō shuppansha) 248a/274

    Japanese-English Zen Buddhist Dictionary (Yokoi) 573

    Bukkyōgo daijiten (Nakamura) 487d

    Fo Guang Dictionary 700

    Ding Fubao

    Buddhist Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary (Hirakawa) 0028

    Bukkyō daijiten (Mochizuki) (v.1-6)1648b,1655a,2257c

    Bukkyō daijiten (Oda) 659-2

    Sanskrit-Tibetan Index for the Yogâcārabhūmi-śāstra (Yokoyama and Hirosawa)



    Entry created: 1993-09-01

    Updated: 2018-06-02