Digital Dictionary of Buddhism

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十三宗

Pronunciations

Basic Meaning: thirteen major Buddhist schools

Senses:

  • In China, these were:
    1. Abhidharma or Kośa school 倶舍宗, representing pre-Mahāyāna scholasticism, based upon the Abhidharmakośa-śāstra 倶舍論.
    2. Satyasiddhi school 成實宗, based on the Satyasiddhi-śāstra 成實論, translated by Kumārajīva; no school corresponds to it in India; in China and Japan it became incorporated in the Sanlun 三論宗 tradition.
    3. Vinaya school 律宗, based on the Ten Recitations Vinaya 十誦律, Four Part Vinaya 四分律, Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya 摩訶僧祇律, etc.
    4. Sanlun school 三論宗, based on the Mādhyamika-śāstra 中觀論 of Nāgârjuna, the Śata-śāstra 百論 of Āryadeva, and the Dvādaśa-nikāya-śāstra 十二門論 of Nāgârjuna; this school dates back to the translation of the three śāstras by Kumārajīva in CE 409.
    5. Nirvāṇa school 涅槃宗, based upon the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra 涅槃經 translated by Dharmarakṣa in 423; later incorporated in Tiantai, with which it had much in common.
    6. Daśabhūmika school 地論宗, based on Vasubandhuʼs work on the ten stages of the bodhisattvaʼs path to Buddhahood, translated by Bodhiruci 508, absorbed by the Avataṃsaka school, infra.
    7. Pure Land or Sukhāvatī school 淨土宗, founded in China by Bodhiruci; its doctrine was salvation through faith in Amitâbha into the Western Paradise.
    8. Chan school 禪宗  the meditative school, whose founding is attributed to Bodhidharma.
    9. Shelun school 攝論宗, based upon the 攝大乘論 Mahāyānasaṃgraha-śāstra by Asaṅga, translated by Paramârtha in 563, subsequently absorbed by the Avataṃsaka school.
    10. Tiantai 天台宗, based on the Lotus Sutra 法華經 Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra.
    11. Huayan school 華嚴宗, based on the Buddhâvataṃsaka-sūtra 華嚴經 translated in 418.
    12. Faxiang 法相宗 (East Asian Yogâcāra), established after the return of Xuanzang from India and his translation of the important Yogâcāra works.
    13. The True Word 眞言宗 or Esoteric school 密教, CE 716..
    [Charles Muller; source(s): Ui, JEBD, Iwanami]
  • In Japan, they were the:
    1. Kegon school 華嚴宗
    2. Hossō school 法相宗
    3. Vinaya school 律宗
    4. Tendai school 天台宗
    5. Shingon school 眞言宗 (also categorized as Mikkyō 密教)
    6. Rinzai school 臨濟宗
    7. Sōtō school 曹洞宗
    8. Ōbaku school 黃檗宗
    9. Pure Land (Jōdo) school 淨土宗
    10. Jōdo Shin school 眞宗
    11. Yūzū-nenbutsu school 融通念佛宗
    12. Ji school 時宗
    13. Nichiren school 日蓮宗
    [Charles Muller; source(s): JEBD, Ui, Iwanami]
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    [Dictionary References]

    Bukkyō jiten (Ui) 502

    Bulgyo sajeon 531a

    Zengaku daijiten (Komazawa U.) 484d

    Iwanami bukkyō jiten 392

    Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary (Daitō shuppansha) 153b/170

    Fo Guang Dictionary 365

    Ding Fubao

    Bukkyō daijiten (Mochizuki) (v.9-10)1195c

    Bukkyō daijiten (Oda) 819-3-19*911-3

    Copyright provisions

    The rights to textual segments (nodes) of the DDB are owned by the author indicated in the brackets next to each segment. For rights regarding the compilation as a whole, please contact Charles Muller. Please do not reproduce without permission. And please do not copy into Wikipedia without proper citation!

    Entry created: 2001-09-08

    Updated: 2023-05-17