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慧達

Pronunciations

Basic Meaning: Huida

Senses:

  • A monk of the Jin dynasty 晉代, originally a layman named Liu Sahe 劉薩訶 (var. 劉薩何), who lived during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Jin 晉武帝 (236–290, r. 265–290). In his youth he is supposed to have been fond of hunting, and killed many animals. An account in the Shi shi yao lan 釋氏要覽, overlapping in parts with another in the Fozu tong ji 佛祖統紀, records a miraculous episode in his life, wherein he died suddenly around the year 281 at the age of 21, but revived after seven days. Upon his return to life, he recounted his meeting in the underworld 冥間 (var. hell 地獄) with a man more than two zhang  tall, with a body of golden color, whom he thought was certainly Avalokitêśvara 觀音. This bodhisattva preached the Dharma to him. In the Fozu tong ji version of the story, this Avalokitêśvara instructed him to establish Aśokan (i.e. reliquary) stūpas 阿育王塔 in five locales, and he was ordained under the name Huida 慧達. Huida also became known as an assiduous practitioner of rites of contrition. See T 2127.54.304b22–c1, T 2035.49.461a9–15; similar account to that in the Fozu tong ji in the Fozu lidai tong zai 佛祖歷代通載T 2036〕 . Kuo Li-ying treats this story as an exemplar of a genre of set pieces about people who are sent to hell by mistake, and then return to life to exhort others to act virtuously and avoid the terrible punishments they have seen there (13–14).

    A version of the story found in Daoxuanʼs 道宣 Ji Shenzhou sanbao gantong lu 集神州三寶感通錄(T 2106.52.404b14–405a29), translated in part by Lipiello, 179–181, relates that after his return to life, Liu/Huida was told to search for ancient stūpas and Buddha statues by an Indian monk. He searched, fruitlessly at first, until he heard the miraculous sound of bells. He built a monastery on the spot marked by the sound, and after three days a jeweled stūpa emerged from the earth. Relics were also discovered, which had been brought to China by King Aśoka himself and some holy men with supernatural powers, who had flown over the ocean. Daoxuan goes on to relate that towards the end of the 太元 period (376–396) of the E. Jin 東晉, Huida discovered another set of relics, along with three steles (the central stele containing the reliquary box), hidden under the earth at the site of Changgansi 長干寺, which was the location of an Aśokan stūpa built by Emperor Jianwen 简文帝 (r. 371–372). The chronology of these accounts is confusing. While Liu Sahe is said to have died and returned to life around 281, the monk Huida, with whom he is identified, is supposed to have been active during the Taiyuan 太元 period (376–396) of the Eastern Jin 東晉, including the later part of that period.

    References:

    Kuo, Li-ying. 1994. Confession et contrition dans le bouddhisme chinois du Ve au Xe siècle. Paris:  Publications de l'Ecole Française d'Extreme-Orient.

    Lipiella, Tiziana. 2001. “Auspicious Omens and Miracles in Ancient China: Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties.”  In Monumenta Serica Monograph Series XXXIX. Sankt Augustin: Monumenta Serica Institute. Nettetal:  Steyler Verlag.

    Vetch, Hélène. 1981. “Lieou Sa-he et les grottes de Mo-kao.”  In Soymié, Michael, ed. Nouvelles contributions aux études de Touen-houang. Geneva:  Librarie Droz. 137–148.

    ----. 1984. “Liu Sahe, tradition et iconographie.”  In ----, ed. Les peinture murales et les manuscrits de Dunhuang. Paris:  Éditions de la Fondation Singer-Polignac. 61–78.

    [Michael Radich]
  • Var. 惠達. Monk of the Chen dynasty (557–589). He was the author of a Commentary on the Zhao lun 肇論疏 X866. He is to be distinguished from the Jin 晉代 monk of the same name. His commentary is the oldest extant commentary on the Zhao lun. [Michael Radich]
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    [Dictionary References]

    Zengaku daijiten (Komazawa U.) 99c

    Zen Dust (Sasaki) 345

    Index to the Bussho kaisetsu daijiten (Ono) 064

    Bukkyō daijiten (Mochizuki) (v.1-6)6a



    Entry created: 2008-08-26

    Updated: 2022-12-19