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百八三昧

Pronunciations

Basic Meaning: one hundred eight kinds of samādhi

Senses:

  • The one hundred and eight kinds of samādhi revealed in the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra. Usually referred to along with the 'eighteen kinds of emptiness.' They are elucidated in detail in this text. [Charles Muller; source(s): Nakamura, JEBD]
  • [To be translated]
    1. 首楞嚴三昧 (Skt. śūraṃ-gama)， also written 健行三昧。Śūraṃgama means 'firmly maintaining all dharmas.' Bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration are able, in all states of concentration, no matter how shallow or deep, to fully analyze all things. There are no afflictions that cannot be overcome by this samādhi.
    2. 寶印三昧 (Skt. ratna-mudra), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於一切三昧悉能印證; 諸寶中以法寶爲最殊勝，今世後世乃至涅槃，能爲利益。
    3. 師子遊戲三昧 (獅子遊戲三昧) (Skt. siṃha-vikrīḍita), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於一切三昧中，出、入、遲、速等皆得自在，於諸外道，強者能破之，信者能度之; 猶如獅子戲時，能制伏諸群獸。
    4. 妙月三昧 (Skt. su-candra),菩薩入此三昧，能除無明暗蔽等諸法邪見; 猶如淸淨滿月，無諸障翳，而能破除黑暗。
    5. 月幢相三昧 (Skt. candra-dhvaja-ketu),菩薩入此三昧，一切諸法通達無礙，皆悉順從; 猶如大將：以寶幢作月之像，人見此相，悉皆隨從。
    6. 出諸法三昧 (Skt. sarva-dharmôdgata), also written 出諸法印三昧、一切法湧三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能令一切三昧出生增長; 猶如降下及時雨，令草木皆生。
    7. 觀頂三昧 (Skt. vilokita-mūrdha),菩薩入此三昧，能遍見一切三昧，如住山頂，悉見衆物。
    8. 畢法性三昧 (Skt. dharma-dhātu-niyata), also written 法界決定三昧。諸法體性，無量無二，難可執持。菩薩入此三昧，則能決定知諸法性，而得定相; 猶如虛空無能住者，得神足力，則能處之。
    9. 畢幢相三昧 (Skt. niyata-dhvaja-ketu), also written 決定幢相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能決定持諸三昧法幢，於諸三昧最爲尊勝; 猶如大將得幢，表其尊大之相。
    10. 金剛三昧 (Skt. vajra), also written 金剛喩三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則智慧堅固，能破諸三昧; 猶如金剛堅固不壞，能碎諸萬物。
    11. 入法印三昧 (Skt. sarva-dharma-praveśa-mudrā),如人入國境，有印得入，無印則不得入; bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 卽能入於諸法實相。
    12. 三昧王安立三昧 (Skt. samādhi-rājā-supratiṣṭhita), also written 善立定王三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於一切諸三昧中皆得安住; 猶如大王，安住正殿，召諸群臣，皆悉從命。
    13. 放光三昧 (Skt. raśmi-pramukta), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能放種種光明，照諸三昧，悉皆明了。
    14. 力進三昧 (Skt. bala-vyūha), also written 精進力三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於諸三昧得自在力，常能神通變化，度諸衆生。
    15. 高出三昧 (Skt. samudgata), also written 出生三昧、等湧三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 所有福德智慧，皆悉增長，諸三昧性得從心而出。
    16. 必入辯才三昧 (Skt. nirukti-niyata-praveśa), also written 入一切言詞決定三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能辯說一切三昧，於衆生語言次第及經書名字等，悉能分別無礙。
    17. 釋名字三昧 (Skt. adhivacana-praveśa), also written 入名字三昧、等入增語三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能釋諸三昧名字及諸法義，令人得解。
    18. 觀方三昧 (Skt. dig-vilokita), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於諸三昧出入自在無礙，故能以憐愍、平等之心，觀照十方衆生，皆得度脫。
    19. 陀羅尼印三昧 (Skt. ādhāraṇa-mudra), also written 總持印三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能持諸三昧印，分別諸三昧。
    20. 無誑三昧 (Skt. asaṃpramoṣa), also written 不忘三昧、無忘失三昧。菩薩住此三昧、不生愛、恚等無明之邪見，於諸三昧皆無迷闇之事。
    21. 攝諸法海三昧 (Skt. sarva-dharma-samavasaraṇa-sāgara-mudra), also written 攝諸法海印三昧、諸法等趣海印三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則三乘法皆攝入是三昧中; 如一切河流，皆歸於海。
    22. 遍覆虛空三昧 (Skt. ākāśa-spharaṇa), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 以三昧力遍覆無量無邊之虛空，或放光明，或以音聲充滿其中。
    23. 金剛輪三昧 (Skt. vajra-maṇḍala), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能持諸三昧，於一切法中所至無礙; 猶如金剛輪，所往之處無有障礙。
    24. 寶斷三昧 (Skt. raṇaṃ-jaha), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能斷除一切三昧之煩惱諸垢; 如有眞寶，能治諸寶，令得潔淨。
    25. 能照三昧 (Skt. vairocana), also written 能照耀三昧、遍照三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能以智慧照了諸法; 猶如日出，普照世間，事皆顯了。
    26. 不求三昧 (Skt. aniṃiṣa), also written 不眴三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能照了諸法，皆如幻化，三界愛欲悉斷，都無所求。
    27. 無住三昧 (Skt. aniketa-sthita), also written 三昧無處住三昧、無相住三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能照了諸法，念念無常，無有住相。
    28. 無心三昧 (Skt. niścinta), also written 不思惟三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 心、心所法，皆不生起作用。
    29. 淨燈三昧 (Skt. vimala-pradīpa), also written 無垢燈三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能離諸煩惱垢，智慧之燈得以淸淨明發。
    30. 無邊明三昧 (Skt. ananta-prabha), also written 無邊光三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能以智慧光明，普照十方無邊世界衆生及無量諸法，皆悉明了。
    31. 能作明三昧 (Skt. prabhā-kara), also written 發光三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則能照明諸法; 猶如暗中燃炬：無不明了。
    32. 普照明三昧， also written 普遍明三昧、普照三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能普照諸法種種三昧門; 猶如輪王寶珠，光照四邊。
    33. 堅淨諸三昧 (Skt. śuddha-sāra), also written 淨堅定三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能令諸三昧淸淨堅牢，不爲一切垢法所染壞。
    34. 無垢明三昧 (Skt. vimala-prabha), also written 無垢光三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能離一切諸三昧垢，破除一切無明之愛欲煩惱，亦能照了一切三昧。
    35. 歡喜三昧 (Skt. rati-kara), also written 發妙樂三昧、作樂三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能生無量無邊之法樂。
    36. 電光三昧 (Skt. vidyut-pradīpa), also written 電燈三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於無始以來所失之道，還復能得，如電光暫現，以導引行者得路。
    37. 無盡三昧 (Skt. akṣaya), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 滅諸法無常等相，卽入不生不滅眞實之理。
    38. 威德三昧 (Skt. tejovatī), also written 具威光三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能得無量威德自在莊嚴。
    39. 離盡三昧 (Skt. kṣayāpagata), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能見諸三昧無有窮盡，並了達無量阿僧祇劫各種功德果報相應之理，而遠離一切斷滅之見。
    40. 不動三昧 (Skt. aniñjya), also written 無動三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能知諸法實相，畢竟空寂，智慧與三昧相應，於一切三昧及一切法都不戲論。
    41. 不退三昧 (Skt. avivarta), also written 莊嚴三昧、無瑕隙三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 常不退轉，卽是阿鞞跋致。
    42. 日燈三昧 (Skt. sūrya-pradīpa), also written 日光三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能照了種種法門及諸三昧; 猶如日出，能照一切世界，又如燈明，能照破暗室。
    43. 月淨三昧 (Skt. candra-vimala), also written 淨月三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 智慧淸淨，利益衆生，又能破諸三昧之無明; 如月圓明，破諸黑暗。
    44. 淨明三昧 (Skt. śuddha-prabhāsa), also written 淨光三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能明了諸法，無有障礙。
    45. 能作明三昧 (Skt. āloka-kara), also written 發明三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則與般若之智相應，而洞照明了諸三昧門。
    46. 作行三昧 (Skt. kārâkāra), also written 大般若闕三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能發起先前所得諸三昧。
    47. 知相三昧 (Skt. jñāna-ketu), also written 智幢三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則見一切諸三昧中，有眞實智慧之相。
    48. 如金剛三昧 (Skt. vajrôpama), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能破一切煩惱結使，無有遣餘; 猶如金剛，能破諸物，滅盡無餘。
    49. 心住三昧 (Skt. citta-sthiti), also written 住心三昧。衆生之心相輕疾多變，難制難持， bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則能攝諸散亂，心不動轉。
    50. 普明三昧 (Skt. samantâloka), also written 遍照三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於一切法，見光明相，無諸黑暗，以神通力，普照世間，了了無礙。
    51. 安立三昧 (Skt. supratiṣṭhita), also written 善住三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於一切諸功德善法中，安立堅固，如須彌山安立不動。
    52. 寶聚三昧 (Skt. ratna-koṭi), also written 寶頂三昧、寶積三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能轉一切所有國士，皆成七寶。
    53. 妙法印三昧 (Skt. vara-dharma-mudra), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 得諸佛菩薩深妙功德智慧之法印諸三昧。
    54. 法等三昧 (Skt. sarva-dharma-samatā), also written 一切法平等性三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能照了衆生及一切法，悉皆平等。
    55. 斷喜三昧 (Skt. rati-jaha), also written 生喜三昧、捨愛樂三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能觀苦、空、無常、無我、不淨等相，於一切世間心生厭離，不起樂著之想。
    56. 到法頂三昧 (Skt. dharmôdgata), also written 入法頂三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能以般若方便之力，到達法山之頂。
    57. 能散三昧 (Skt. vikiraṃa), also written 飄散三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 卽與空慧相應，能破散諸法。
    58. 分別諸法句三昧 (Skt. sarva-dharma-pada-prabheda), also written 壞諸法處三昧、分別法句三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能分別一切諸法語言文句，爲衆生演說，詞無滯礙。
    59. 字等相三昧 (Skt. samākṣarāvakāra), also written 平等字相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 觀諸字諸語，悉皆平等，呵罵讚歎，無有憎愛。
    60. 離字三昧 (Skt. akṣarâpagata), also written 離文字相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 了達諸法眞如之義，而不被文字言詮等所障礙，故於義海之中，自無妄見文字之存在; 卽於文字經卷之中，亦能直見眞義而遠離文字名相之執著。
    61. 斷緣三昧 (Skt. ārambaṇa-cchedana), also written 斷所緣三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能於樂中不生歡喜心，於苦中不生瞋怨心，於不苦不樂中，亦不生難捨之心，於此三受; 皆遠離不著而心滅緣斷。
    62. 不壞三昧 (Skt. avikāra), also written 無變異三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能了知法性畢竟空寂，戲論不能破，無常亦不能轉。
    63. 無種相三昧 (Skt. aprakāra), also written 無品類三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 了知諸法無相，而不見諸法種種之相。
    64. 無處行三昧 (Skt. aniketa-cārin), also written 無相行三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能知貪、瞋、癡三毒火燃於三界，故心不依止之; 知涅槃畢竟空，故亦不依止。
    65. 離朦昧三昧 (Skt. timirāpagata), also written 離闇三昧、離翳闇三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能於諸三昧中，微翳無明等，悉皆除盡。
    66. 無去三昧 (Skt. cāritravatī), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 不見一切諸法去來之相。
    67. 不變異三昧 (Skt. acala), also written 不動三昧、不變動三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能觀一切諸三昧法，皆不見有變異之相。
    68. 度緣三昧 (Skt. viṣaya-tirṇa), also written 度境界三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於六塵中諸煩惱緣，悉皆盡滅，能度六塵大海，亦能超過一切三昧緣生智慧。
    69. 集諸功德三昧 (Skt. sarva-guṇa-saṃcaya-gata), also written 集諸德三昧、集一切功德三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 修集一切善根功德，初夜、後夜，無有休息，猶如日月運轉不停。
    70. 住無心三昧 (Skt. sthita-niścitta), also written 無心住三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 僅隨智慧而不隨於心，住於諸法實相之中。
    71. 淨妙華三昧 (Skt. śubha-puṣpita-śuddhi), also written 淨妙花三昧 and 妙華三昧. Bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration are able to make the flowers of merit blossom the ways the flowers open on a tree, making the tree resplendent.
    72. 覺意三昧 (Skt. bodhy-aṅgavatī), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 令諸三昧變成無漏，與七覺相應。
    73. 無量辯三昧 (Skt. ananta-pratibhāna), also written 具覺支三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 得無量辯才，樂說一句，經無量劫而不窮盡。
    74. 無等等三昧 (Skt. asama-sama), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 觀一切衆生皆如同佛，觀一切法皆同佛法，與無等等般若波羅蜜相應。
    75. 度諸法三昧 (Skt. sarva-dharmātikramaṇa), also written 超一切法三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能入三解脫門，超出三界，度化三乘衆生。
    76. 分別諸法三昧 (Skt. pariccheda-dara), also written 決判諸法三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能分別諸法之善、不善、有漏、無漏、有爲、無爲等諸相。
    77. 散疑三昧 (Skt. vimati-vikiraṇa), also written 散疑網三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能於一切法中，悉斷疑網，得一切諸法實相。
    78. 無住處三昧 (Skt. niradhiṣṭhāna), also written 無處三昧，無所住三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則通達諸法而不執著滯礙於其一一法之一定準則。
    79. 一莊嚴三昧 (Skt. eka-vyūha), also written 一相三昧、一相莊嚴三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能觀見諸法皆一，無論有相、無相，或一切法空，皆能了知「一切卽一」之理，而以一相智慧莊嚴此三昧。
    80. 生行三昧 (Skt. ākārābhīnirhāra), also written 引發行相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能觀種種行相、入相、住相、出相，如是諸相皆空。
    81. 一行三昧 (Skt. ekâkāra), also written 一行相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 與畢竟空相應，更無餘行次第。
    82. 不一行三昧 (Skt. ākārānavakāra), also written 離行相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 不見諸三昧單一之相，以此三昧而能兼行其餘各種觀行之故。
    83. 妙行三昧 (Skt. su-cārin), also written 妙行相三昧。菩薩住此三昧 不見諸三昧有兩種以上之蕪雜行相，而係唯一之畢竟空相應三昧，故一切戲論皆不能破。
    84. 達一切有底散三昧 (Skt. nairvedhika-sarva-bhava-talopagata), also written 達諸有底散壞三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能以無漏智慧，通達三有，乃至非有想非無想之底，一切諸有皆令散壞。
    85. 入名語三昧 (Skt. saṃketa-ruta-praveśa), also written 入言語三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則能識一切衆生、一切物、一切法名字、一切語言，無不解了。
    86. 離音聲字語三昧 (Skt. nirghoṣāksara-vimukta), also written 解脫音聲文字三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 觀一切諸法皆無音聲語言，常寂滅相。
    87. 然炬三昧 (燃炬三昧) (Skt. jvalanolka), also written 炬熾然三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能以智慧之炬，照明一切諸法，毫無錯落紛雜; 如燃炬夜行，不墮險處。
    88. 淨相三昧 (Skt. lakṣaṇa-pariśodhana), also written 嚴淨相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能淸淨具足，莊嚴三十二相，又能如法觀於諸法總別之相，亦能觀諸法無相淸淨。
    89. 破相三昧 (Skt. anabhilakṣita), also written 無標幟三昧。菩薩住此三昧。則不見一切法相，亦不見諸三昧之相。
    90. 一切種妙足三昧 (Skt. sarvâkāra-varopeta), also written 具一切妙相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能以諸功德莊嚴禪定，令得淸淨而具足一切妙相。
    91. 不喜苦樂三昧 (Skt. sarva-sukha-duḥkha-nirabhinandī), also written 不憙苦樂三昧、不憙一切苦樂三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能觀世間之樂，多過多患，虛妄顚倒，非可愛樂; 觀世間之苦如病，如箭入身，心不喜樂。以一切法虛誑之故，苦樂皆無喜。
    92. 無盡相三昧 (Skt. akṣaya-karaṇḍa), also written 不盡行三昧、無盡行相三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能觀一切法，不斷不常，無壞無盡。
    93. 陀羅尼三昧 (Skt. dhāraṇīmat), also written 多陀羅尼三昧、具陀羅尼三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能持諸三昧，諸陀羅尼亦皆自然而得。
    94. 攝諸邪正相三昧 (Skt. samyaktva-mithyātva-sarva-saṃgrahaṇa), also written 取諸邪正相三昧、攝伏一切正性邪性三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於正定聚、邪定聚、不定聚一切衆生，都無所棄，一心攝取，而不見有邪正等相。
    95. 滅憎愛三昧 (Skt. anurodhāpratirodha), also written 離憎愛三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能滅諸憎愛，於可喜法中不生愛，於可惡法中不生瞋。
    96. 逆順三昧 (Skt. sarva-rodha-virodha-saṃpraśamana), also written 靜息一切違順三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能於諸法中逆順自在，能破一切邪逆衆生，能順一切可化衆生，而又不著逆順之相。
    97. 淨光三昧 (Skt. vimala-prabha), also written 無垢明三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於諸三昧光明淸淨，諸煩惱垢皆不可得。
    98. 堅固三昧 (Skt. sāravat), also written 具堅固三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 於諸法實相，智慧相應，皆悉堅固; 猶如虛空，不可破壞。
    99. 滿月淨光三昧 (Skt. paripūrṇa-candra-vimala-prabha), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 淨智光明具足，滅愛、恚等無明火，淸涼功德，利益衆生; 猶如秋月圓滿，破諸黑暗，淸涼可樂。
    100. 大莊嚴三昧 (Skt. mahā-vyūha), bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則大莊嚴成就，見十方如恆河沙等世界，以七寶華香莊嚴佛處，如是等莊嚴功德，而心無所著。
    101. 能照一切世三昧 (Skt. sarvâkāra-prabhā-kara), also written 照一切世間三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能照衆生世間、住處世間、五衆世間等一切諸法。
    102. 三昧等三昧 (Skt. samādhi-samatā), also written 等三昧、定平等性三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 能平等觀諸三昧，不見有深淺高低之別，觀一切有爲之法皆從因緣而生，與三昧之相亦皆平等。
    103. 攝一切有諍無諍三昧 (Skt. araṇa-saraṇa-sarva-samavasaraṇa), also written 無諍行三昧、有諍無諍平等理趣三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則能於一切法中，通達無礙，不見是法如是相，不見是法不如是相，於衆生中亦無好醜諍論，僅隨其心行，而攝受度脫之。
    104. 不樂一切住處三昧 (Skt. anilambha-niketa-nirata), also written 無住處三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 則不樂住世間，以世間無常之故; 亦不樂住非世間，以不執著於空之故。
    105. 如住定三昧 (Skt. tathatā-sthita-niścita), also written 決定安住眞如三昧。菩薩住此三昧。則知一切法如實相，不見有法超越此者。
    106. 壞身衰三昧 (Skt. kāya-kali-saṃpramathana), also written 壞身三昧、離身穢惡三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 以智慧力破除色身諸種自然壞滅之衰相。
    107. 壞語如虛空三昧 (Skt. vāk-kali-vidhvaṃsana-gagana-kalpa), also written 離語穢惡三昧。bodhisattvas who abide in this state of concentration 不見諸三昧語業依聲而有，如虛空，如幻化，不生憎愛。
    108. 離著虛空不染三昧 (Skt. ākāśāsaṅga-vimukti-nirupalepa), also written 無染著如虛空三昧。菩薩修行般若波羅蜜，觀諸法畢竟空，不生不滅，猶如虛空; 雖得此三昧，而於此虛空三昧之相，亦不染著。
    〔大智度論 T 1509.25.361a12ff〕 [Charles Muller; source(s): FGD]
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    [Dictionary References]

    Bukkyō jiten (Ui) 892

    Bulgyo sajeon 260a

    Zengaku daijiten (Komazawa U.) 1052b

    Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary (Daitō shuppansha) 122a/133

    Bukkyōgo daijiten (Nakamura) 1141a

    Fo Guang Dictionary 2480

    Ding Fubao {Digital Version}

    Bukkyō daijiten (Mochizuki) (v.1-6)16649

    Bukkyō daijiten (Oda) 1473-1

    Copyright provisions

    The rights to textual segments (nodes) of the DDB are owned by the author indicated in the brackets next to each segment. For rights regarding the compilation as a whole, please contact Charles Muller. Please do not reproduce without permission. And please do not copy into Wikipedia without proper citation!

    Entry created: 2008-01-03

    Updated: 2011-03-10