托鉢

Readings

Pinyin: tuōbō

Wade-Giles: t'o-po

Hangul: 탁발

Korean MC: takbal

Korean MR: t'akpal

Katakana: タクハツ

Hepburn: takuhatsu

thác bát

to beg with a bowl

• To beg for alms; a begging priest. To carry an almsbowl, a metaphor for religious mendicancy; also 行乞, 持鉢, 捧鉢, and 乞食 (Skt. piṇḍa-pāta). One of the twelve dhūtas prescribing outward conduct of the monk 十二頭陀. Literally "holding up" or "requesting with" 托 the "alms bowl" 鉢. In the early stages of development of the Buddhist saṃgha in ancient India, wandering monks would obtain one meal a day (in the forenoon) by carrying their alms bowls past the homes of lay people and accepting whatever offerings of food were proffered. With the establishment of permanent monastic settlements, monasteries were allowed to accept food from lay patrons, store it, and provide regular communal meals for the monks in residence. In China and Japan, Buddhist monasteries received donations of arable land (worked by peasant farmers) and thus were sometimes able to produce their own food supplies or even put grains and oils on the market. Vegetable gardening by monks themselves in a practice known as communal labor 普請作務 was also a common feature of all Buddhist monasteries in medieval China, and that practice was continued in the Zen monasteries of Japan. Throughout all of these institutional developments, however, Buddhist monks never forgot the ancient practice of gathering alms food directly from lay people by approaching their dwellings holding an alms bowl. There are various rules concerning begging set forth in the Vinaya texts, such as the limitation of begging time up to 12:00 noon and the limitation of begging only for what one needs for basic sustenance..

  In contemporary Japan, Zen monks engaged in alms gathering don the bamboo hat, white leggings, and straw sandals of a wandering monk (angya sō 行脚僧). They either carry a bowl or wear a bag around the neck that serves the same purpose, and the offerings they accept usually take the form of uncooked rice or cash. Monks engage in alms gathering either singly or in groups. They often form a line and walk through market places and residential neighborhoods, shouting "rain of dharma" (hō u  法雨) to announce their presence. When someone approaches with an offering they stop, receive it in the bowl or bag, then bow with gasshō in thanks before resuming walking. In rural areas, alms gathering may involve a pre-arranged visit to local farmers at harvest time to receive their donations of rice, vegetables, or radishes for pickling. Alms-gathering is understood as a practice that has deep spiritual meaning, for it promotes humility and gratitude in monks and gives the laity an opportunity to make merit. The economic significance of alms-gathering is slight, however, so it is best understood as a ritual reenactment of the ancient Indian Buddhist practice.

  [resp. Griffith Foulk, cmuller; source(s): Nakamura,Soothill, Hirakawa, JEBD,Yokoi,Iwanami]
• (Skt. piṇḍa-cārika, bhaikṣya, piṇḍa, paiṇḍapātika, piṇḍāya, bhikṣā, ucchiṣṭa-piṇḍa-bhojana, piṇḍaka, piṇḍa-cāra, paiṇḍilika, bhaikṣa, bhaikṣāka; Pāli piṇḍapāta) [resp. Charles Muller; source(s): Hirakawa]

Dictionary References:

Bukkyō jiten (Ui), 714

Bulgyo sajeon, 880a

Ding Fubao

Bukkyō daijiten (Mochizuki), (v.1-6)3466b, (v.9-10)616c,1141b

Bukkyō daijiten (Oda), 1110-3

Zengaku daijiten (Komazawa U.), 822a

Iwanami bukkyō jiten, 550

A Glossary of Zen Terms (Inagaki), 90, 143, 392

Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary (Daitō shuppansha), 313a/348

Zenrin shōkisen (Mujaku Dōchū), 500/487

Japanese-English Zen Buddhist Dictionary (Yokoi), 754

Zengo jiten (Iriya and Koga), 18-P61

Bukkyōgo daijiten (Nakamura), 935c

Fo Guang Dictionary

Copyright © 2010 -- Charles Muller

generated: 2013-05-19